Spatial structure of migration attractiveness of Russian regions at the local level

Abstract

Migration flows across Russia are highly heterogeneous: some areas are characterized as depressed, repelling population outflows, while others serve as "migration centers" that at­tract large numbers of residents. The migration appeal of such centers is often determined by specific factors related to their economic and geographical position, including proximity to major urban agglomerations and coastal locations, the presence of large industrial and pro­duction hubs, extensive transportation networks, and borderland positions. The combination of these factors in different parts of a region enhances its migration attractiveness and deter­mines its sustainability. The aim of this study is to examine the spatial structure of migration attractiveness in three Russian regions with stable migration growth — Kaliningrad and Leningrad Oblasts and Krasnodar Krai — through an analysis of how economic and geo­graphical factors influence migration patterns, using a multi-scale approach. The study draws on data from Rosstat for the period 2011—2023. The findings indicate that the highest levels of migration attractiveness are observed in the capital agglomerations and coastal municipali­ties. Industrial and production centers also exert a significant influence on migration attrac­tiveness, particularly in areas distant from major urban agglomerations. Additionally, clus­ters of the resort and sanatorium industries and major transportation hubs contribute posi­tively to migration appeal. Sea-oriented industries help to mitigate negative migration trends, while proximity to borders and the presence of automobile and railway transportation net­works have a limited impact on municipal attractiveness.